"Osmium" meaning "smell") is a chemical element with symbol "Os" and atomic number 76. It is a hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group that is found as a trace element in alloys, mostly in platinum ores. Osmium is the densest naturally occurring element, with a density of . Its alloys with platinum, iridium, and other platinum group metals are employed in fountain pen nibs, electrical contacts, and other applications where extreme durability and hardness are needed.
Osmium has a blue-gray tint and is the densest stable element, slightly denser than iridium. Calculations of density from the X-ray diffraction data may produce the most reliable data for these elements, giving a value of for iridium versus for osmium. Osmium is a hard but brittle metal that remains lustrous even at high temperatures. It has a very low compressibility. Correspondingly, its bulk modulus is extremely high, reported between and , which rivals that of diamond . The hardness of osmium is moderately high at . Because of its hardness, brittleness, low vapor pressure , and very high melting point , solid osmium is difficult to machine, form, or work.
Osmium forms compounds with oxidation states ranging from −2 to +8. The most common oxidation states are +2, +3, +4, and +8. The +8 oxidation state is notable for being the highest attained by any chemical element aside from iridium's +9, and is encountered only in xenon, ruthenium, hassium, iridium, plutonium, and curium . The oxidation states −1 and −2 represented by the two reactive compounds and are used in the synthesis of osmium cluster compounds.
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