"LIFE", short for "Laser Inertial Fusion Energy", was a fusion energy effort run at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory between 2008 and 2013. LIFE aimed to develop the technologies necessary to convert the laser-driven inertial confinement fusion concept being developed in the National Ignition Facility into a practical commercial power plant, a concept known generally as inertial fusion energy . LIFE used the same basic concepts as NIF, but aimed to lower costs using mass-produced fuel elements, simplified maintenance, and diode lasers with higher electrical efficiency. The failure of NIF to achieve ignition in 2012 led to the LIFE project being cancelled in 2013.
LLNL has been a leader in laser-driven ICF since the initial concept was developed by LLNL employee John Nuckols in the late 1950s. The basic idea was to use a "driver" to compress a small pellet known as the "target" that contains the fusion fuel, a mix of deuterium and tritium . If the compression reaches high enough values, fusion reactions begin to take place, releasing alpha particles and neutrons. The alphas may impact atoms in the surrounding fuel, heating them to the point where they undergo fusion as well. The result is a chain reaction known as ignition, which burns a significant amount of the fuel.
Comparing the driver energy input to the fusion energy output produces a number known as fusion energy gain factor, labelled "Q". A "Q" value of at least 1 is required for the system to produce net energy. Since some energy is needed to run the reactor, in order for there to be net electrical output, "Q" has to be at least 3. For commercial operation, "Q" values much higher than this are needed. For ICF, "Q"s on the order of 25 to 50 are needed to recoup both the electrical generation losses and the large amount of power used to power the driver. In the fall of 1960, theoretical work carried out at LLNL suggested that gains of the required order would be possible with drivers on the order of 1 MJ.
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