The "South Atlantic Anomaly" is an area where the Earth's inner Van Allen radiation belt comes closest to the Earth's surface dipping down to an altitude of 200 km . This leads to an increased flux of energetic particles in this region and exposes orbiting satellites to higher-than-usual levels of radiation. The effect is caused by the non-concentricity of the Earth and its magnetic dipole, and the SAA is the near-Earth region where the Earth's magnetic field is weakest relative to an idealized Earth-centered dipole field.
The Van Allen radiation belts are symmetric about the Earth's magnetic axis, which is tilted with respect to the Earth's rotational axis by an angle of approximately 11 degrees. The intersection between the magnetic and rotation axes of the Earth is located not at the Earth's centre, but some 500 km further north. Because of this asymmetry, the inner Van Allen belt is closest to the Earth's surface over the south Atlantic ocean where it dips down to 200 km altitude, and farthest from the Earth's surface over the north Pacific ocean.
One reason for the variation is that if we represent the Earth's magnetism by a bar magnet of small size but strong intensity , the best description is obtained by placing that magnet not at the center of Earth but some distance away from it, more or less in the direction of Singapore. As a result, over South America and the south Atlantic, near Singapore's antipodal point, the magnetic field is relatively weak, resulting in a lower repulsion to trapped particles of the radiation belts here, and as a result these particles reach deeper into the upper atmosphere than they otherwise would.
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